{"id":19770,"date":"2025-03-14T14:12:36","date_gmt":"2025-03-14T15:12:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/museu-angra.cultura.azores.gov.pt\/others\/historical-pieces\/retrato-de-senhora-portrait-of-a-lady\/"},"modified":"2025-12-31T09:51:01","modified_gmt":"2025-12-31T10:51:01","slug":"retrato-de-senhora-portrait-of-a-lady","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/museu-angra.cultura.azores.gov.pt\/en\/others\/historical-pieces\/retrato-de-senhora-portrait-of-a-lady\/","title":{"rendered":"\u201cRetrato de Senhora\u201d (Portrait of a Lady)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile is-vertically-aligned-top\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 40%\"><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p><p data-start=\"117\" data-end=\"489\">Throughout history, conventional standards of beauty, constantly evolving, have been a determining factor in the social valuation of women, sometimes taking forms that posed serious health risks. In this <em data-start=\"321\" data-end=\"341\">Portrait of a Lady<\/em>, the whiteness of the skin is clearly visible, dotted with small artificial beauty marks, with the rosettes on the cheeks highlighted in carmine.<\/p>&#13;\n<p data-start=\"491\" data-end=\"1179\">As a darker complexion was associated with sun exposure due to the need to work outdoors, a porcelain-like skin\u2014seen as an indicator of refinement and social status\u2014was achieved through the application of \u201cVenetian ceruse,\u201d popular in the 17th and 18th centuries, as evidenced in depictions of Queen Elizabeth I. This preparation was made by combining lead carbonate [PbCO\u2083], commonly known as white lead, with vinegar. The soft paste could cover skin imperfections but led to progressive and often fatal poisoning. The whitening effects of lead carbonate were known since Antiquity, which earned it the name \u201cpowder of Saturn,\u201d due to the classical association between metals and gods.<\/p>&#13;\n<p data-start=\"1181\" data-end=\"1499\">The pink of the cheeks, in turn, was obtained using carmine, a bright red dye extracted from the females of an insect, the cochineal (<em data-start=\"1315\" data-end=\"1335\">Dactylopius coccus<\/em>), native to Mexico and introduced to Europe by the Spanish in the 16th century. Today, this dye continues to be widely used in the cosmetics and food industries.<\/p>&#13;\n<p data-start=\"1501\" data-end=\"1651\">Velvet or black taffeta beauty marks, usually round or heart-shaped, were also employed to conceal blemishes and as a gallant code of communication.<\/p>&#13;\n<p data-start=\"1653\" data-end=\"1839\" data-is-only-node=\"\">This portrait is part of the <strong data-start=\"1682\" data-end=\"1706\">Fine Arts Collection<\/strong> of the Museum of Angra do Heroismo and is on display in the long-term exhibition <em data-start=\"1790\" data-end=\"1836\">From Sea and Land\u2026 a History in the Atlantic<\/em>.<\/p><\/p>\n<\/div><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"630\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/museu-angra.cultura.azores.gov.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/banner-75.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12641 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/museu-angra.cultura.azores.gov.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/banner-75.jpg 630w, https:\/\/museu-angra.cultura.azores.gov.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/banner-75-300x190.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Throughout history, conventional standards of beauty, constantly evolving, have been a determining factor in the social valuation of women, sometimes taking forms that posed serious health risks. In this Portrait of a Lady, the whiteness of the skin is clearly visible, dotted with small artificial beauty marks, with the rosettes on the cheeks highlighted in [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"parent":19114,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-19770","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u201cRetrato de Senhora\u201d (Portrait of a Lady) - Museum of Angra do Heroismo<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/museu-angra.cultura.azores.gov.pt\/en\/others\/historical-pieces\/retrato-de-senhora-portrait-of-a-lady\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u201cRetrato de Senhora\u201d (Portrait of a Lady) - Museum of Angra do Heroismo\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Throughout history, conventional standards of beauty, constantly evolving, have been a determining factor in the social valuation of women, sometimes taking forms that posed serious health risks. 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